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Physicians' Select Weight Loss Supplement Ingredients Physicians' Select Weight Loss Herbal Supplement – offers formulations that have been derived from a multitude of laboratory tests and clinical studies along with advise from licensed physicians, PhD’s, pharmacists, herbalists and chemists. All of our raw materials must pass stringent quality controls before they are utilized. We use only those precursor materials that are of the highest quality. Physician Select Herbal Supplements are guaranteed with an unconditional full refund of the product price if you are not completely satisfied with the results.


Bitter Orange - synonymous with Citrus aurantium, Bigarade Orange, Seville Orange, Sweet Portugal Orange, China Orange, etc. Bitter Orange is used as a thermogenic weight loss supplement secondary to the Bitter Orange's ability to increase the basal metabolic rate (BMR). Bitter Orange increases thermogenesis by stimulating the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine a class of hormones known as catecholamines, enabling the body to burn more calories.
(detailed Bitter Orange information).

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) - is a popular herb in weight loss supplements primarily because of its stimulant properties. Guaranine the main ingredient has the same stimulating effect as caffeine, however, the positive effect is longer acting. Guarana also acts to improve mental alertness, aphrodisiac properties, increases stamina and mental endurance, detoxifies the blood, natural diuretic, etc. (detailed Guarana information).

Green tea (Camellia sinesis) - is becoming a very popular herbal drink. Green tea extract have been used for centuries in Asia and has been proven to be beneficial in the following ways: reduces the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, reduction of anxiety, improves the immune system, weight reduction, etc. (detailed Green tea information).

Kola nut (Cola vera, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida) - the Kola nut has been used for centuries by tribes in Western Africa to promote alertness, stamina and endurance. Today, Kola nut is used to flavor soft drinks and for its thermogenic properties. The herb is also prescribed for motion sickness, depression, fluid retention, migraine headaches, etc. (detailed Kola nut information).

Fo ti (Polygonum multiflorum) - has been used historically by the Chinese for its rejuvenating properties. Today, Fo Ti is prescribed to promote weight loss, lower cholesterol, decrease blood pressure, prevent arthrosclerosis, improve immune function, etc. (detailed Fo ti information).

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) - acts as a digestive aid as it promotes the secretion of saliva and gastric juices and increases the action of peristalsis in the intestines. The herb has been used for centuries as a treatment for nausea secondary to digestive problems from nausea, morning sickness, chemo therapy, etc. The herb also lowers cholesterol levels by impairing cholesterol absorption, helping it convert to bile acids and then increasing bile elimination (detailed Ginger information).

Ginko biloba (Ginko biloba) - is another important herb which is used to promote circulation, improve cognitive functioning, antioxidant and as an antidepressant. Ginko is also used in many popular herbal drinks to promote a generalized feeling of well being (detailed Ginko biloba information).

Hawthorne berry (Crataegus oxyacantha) - has as been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. Extracts from Hawthorne berries have strong antioxidant properties which exert of beneficial effect on the entire cardiovascular system. Extracts from the herbs also has a dilating effect on the blood vessels which results in a lowering of blood pressure (detailed Hawthorne berry information).

Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) - has a long history as a medicinal herb throughout Asia. Ginseng is known as an adaptogen, which is a substance that enables the body adapt to stress. Traditional herbalist prescribe Ginseng for the following: promoting longevity and vitality, increase the function of the adrenal glands, decreases the symptoms of diabetes, lower blood cholesterol levels, antioxidant properties, immune system booster, improves physical performance in athletes (detailed Ginseng information).

White willow (Salix alba) - has been prescribed by physicians and traditional herbalist for medicinal purposes since 500 B.C. secondary to its similar properties to aspirin. Many physicians still prefer the use of White willow to that of synthetic aspirin because of the lower incidence of side effects associated with the herb. The bark also remains popular secondary to its content of tannins, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides. The high content of tannins are believed to be responsible for relieving gastrointestinal complications (detailed White willow information).

Yerba maté (Llex paraquarensis) - is the main ingredient in one of the most popular drinks in South America consumed by millions of individuals each year as an alternative to coffee. Yerba maté acts as a stimulant very similar to coffee however, the stimulant effect last longer and their are no side effects. Yerba maté is also responsible for the following positive effects: appetite suppressant, natural diuretic, enhances immune system, relieves constipation, decreases blood pressure, natural stimulant, etc. (Yerba maté information).

Folic acid (folate) - is a water soluble vitamin, that's primary function is to assist the body in breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars that can be utilized for energy. Folic acid also works with Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C to metabolize protein, formation of white and red blood cells, proper differentiation and growth of cells, formation of the nucleic acid of DNA and RNA, etc. (detailed Folic acid information).

Chromium chelate - is an essential trace mineral that is required for proper glucose and fat metabolism. Chromium is necessary for normal insulin function. Dietary studies indicate that most individuals in the United States do not get sufficient Chromium in their diet. Supplementing Chromium in the diet can have the following positive effects: appetite suppressant, lowers blood sugar, decreases body fat, maintains health blood lipid levels, etc. (for more detailed Chromium chelate information click here).

Cobalamin (B12) - is part of the water-soluble family of B vitamins. Cobalamin plays a key role in the following metabolic processes: formation of red blood cells, helps to metabolize food, important in the action of the immune system, treatment of male infertility, treatment of atherosclerosis, treatment of inflammatory bowel syndrome, needed to metabolize DNA, etc. (detailed Chromium chelate information).

Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) - is a brown algae or seaweed was the original source of iodine and it was used extensively in the early 1800's to treat goiter (a swelling of the thyroid gland secondary to a lack of iodine). Today, Bladderwrack is prescribed for the following: hyperthyroidism, weight loss, antioxidant properties, natural diuretic, relieves constipation, lowers cholesterol levels, etc. (detailed Bladderwrack information).

Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) - is an herb that has been used for centuries in traditional Hindu medicine for the treatment of chronic indigestion, stomach disorders, rheumatism, etc. Garcinia cambogia is used today in herbal weight supplements to inhibit lipogenesis (the conversion of proteins or carbohydrates to fat) and as an appetite suppressant (detailed Garcinia cambogia information).

Betaine Hydrochloride - is a nutrient that promote the health of the cardiovascular system. Betaine helps to reduce the potentially toxic levels of homocysteine (Hcy). Hcy is an amino acid normally found in small amounts in the blood. However, higher levels of Hcy have been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, stroke heart attack and pulmonary embolism. Supplemental doses of Betaine HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin aiding protein digestion. The nutrient also increases the stomach's resistance to orally ingested pathogens, promotes the flow of bile, help to prevent the overgrowth of bacterial and fungi in the small intestine and assist with the absorption of nutrients including calcium, folic acid, beta-carotene, iron, zinc, magnesium, zinc, etc. (for more detailed Betaine hydrochloride information).

Chitosan - is a polysaccharide derived from chitin which is found in the exoskeletons of shellfish i.e. crab, lobster, shrimp, etc. Chitosan acts as a natural "fat blocker" by binding to fatty acids in the diet. Chitosan also promotes healthy cholesterol levels, lowers blood pressure, antacid qualities, relieves constipation, etc. (detailed Chitosan hydrochloride information).

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Bitter Orange, also known as Citrus aurantium, Bigarade Orange, Seville Orange, Sweet Portugal Orange, China Orange, etc was know to the early Greeks and represents the first oranges grown in Europe during the twelfth century. Bitter Orange, also known as Seville Orange was known to the early Greeks, and was probably the first orange grown in Europe (twelfth century).

 

Traditional uses:
In Chinese herbal medicine, the unripe Bitter Orange Fruit was known as Zhi Shi, was used to regulate the gastrointestinal tract helping to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating. In Western medicine, the oils found in Bitter Orange were used to reduce heart rate and palpitations.
In Europe the Bitter Orange leaves were prescribed for stomach aches, constipation, and heart palpitations. Bitter orange is now a common ingredient in the most respected weight loss supplements

Physiology:
Bitter orange has a complex chemical makeup, although bitter orange is most known for the volatile oil in the peel. The oil gives bitter orange its strong odor and flavor, and accounts for many of its medicinal effects. Besides the volatile oil, the bitter orange peel contains flavones, the alkaloids synephrine, octopamine, and N-methyltyramine, and carotenoids

Bitter Orange is used as a thermogenic weight loss supplement secondary to its ability to increase the basal metabolic rate (BMR), enabling the body to burn more calories. Bitter Orange increases thermogenesis by stimulating the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine a class of hormones known as catecholamines. These catecholamines stimulate cell receptors known as alpha and beta receptors. Each alpha or beta receptor when stimulated elicits a unique response:

  • Strong appetite suppressant
  • Effective weight loss agent
  • Increase overall stamina and endurance
  • Promotes generalized feeling of well being

The Synephrine in Bitter Orange has been clinically shown that the combination of these adrenergic amines stimulate beta-3 receptors. This functions to increase an individuals metabolic rate without grossly affecting the heart rate or blood pressure. The Synephrine signals the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline only in the beta-3 receptor sites located mostly in the adipose tissue and the liver.

Stimulation of the beta-3 receptor sites elicits the breakdown of lipolysis, fat cells. This stimulation also increases the metabolic rate or thermogenesis, promoting individuals to burn calories. Synephrine offers all the advantages of a stimulant, without the negative side effects associated with Ephedra. Hence, the Synephrine in Bitter Orange allows individuals to burn fat, increase physical performance, while building lean muscle mass.

In addition, the Bitter Orange was found to exhibit a powerful thermogenic effect, acting to increase resting metabolic rate, or the rate at which calories are burned.

Modern day uses:

  • Appetite suppressant properties, Bitter Orange represents an excellent appetite suppressant allowing individuals to successfully lose unwanted pounds, thus, promoting weight loss.
  • Increase metabolic rate
  • Increase caloric expenditure
  • Increased energy levels
  • Promotes concentration and alertness
  • Stimulates circulation

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription and/or over-the-counter-medications/supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. More specifically, individuals should consult with their physician prior to taking Bitter orange particularly if they have a history of any medical conditions including the following:

  • Hypertension
  • Heart complications
  • Diabetes
  • Kidney disease
  • Bipolar disease
  • Methyldopa
  • Psychosis
  • Thyroid disease
  • Pregnant or nursing

Please note: The above list is only a summary and is not all inclusive of all the preexisting medical conditions that should warrant not taking Bitter Orange. Please consult with your physician if you have a history of any preexisting medical conditions.

Some medications when combined with Bitter orange may result in complications, individuals should consult with their physician prior to taking Bitter Orange if they are taking any of the following medications:

  • Antidepressants
  • Beta blockers
  • Digitalis
  • Oral Corticosteroids
  • Epinephrine
  • Mixed amphetamines
  • Psuedoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine (ingredients found in certain allergy, asthma, cold/cough control products)
  • MAO inhibitors
  • Theophylline
  • Meridia

Please note: The above list is only a summary and is not all inclusive of the medications that may react with Ephedra. Please consult with your physician if you are taking any prescription and/or over-the-counter-medications or supplements.

Clinical Studies:

Results from an ongoing study at McGill University in Montreal, as well as feedback from other individuals using Bitter Orange, indicate that taking Bitter Orange did not cause excessive central nervous system stimulation (heart palpitations, hypertension, jitters, etc).

Thus far, volunteers in the McGill University study who consumed Bitter Orange exhibited excellent stimulation of thermogenesis; however, these individuals showed very little or no increase in heart rate or blood pressure. Another independent clinical study also reported excellent weight-loss results from a substance containing Bitter Orange, again, with minimal side effects.

Bitter Orange contains several alkaloids including N-methyltyramine, Hordenine, Octopamine, Synephrine, and Tyramine. These alkaloids are adrenergic agonists, which stimulate the adrenoreceptors and the release catecholamines. The release of catecholeamines initiates fat burning or lipolysis via the promotion of adenyl cyclase. Synephrine is a sympathetic adrenergic agonist that stimulates the alpha one and beta three adrenoreceptors. The alpha one receptors regulate appetite while the beta three receptors control the metabolic rate. Bitter orange has been clinically shown to aid in weight loss and increase thermogenesis in humans.

Stone, M.H., et al., Int J Sport Nutr,1999. 9(2): p. 146-165.
According to research, Bitter Orange exclusively stimulates metabolism to increase the breakdown of fat and encourage growth in muscles. Bitter Orange promotes the burning of fat provides increased energy and allows for lean muscle tone which is essential for firm thighs, waist, and the gluteus region.

Clinical studies have shown that Bitter orange stimulates the specific part of fat cells, called beta-receptors, which are responsible for initiating a series of chemical reactions responsible for increased fat breakdown. In addition, physical activity will also increase the thermogenic effect of Bitter orange. An appropriate exercise program, as well, as a moderately low-fat diet with plenty of water intake, will further enhance the thermogenic effect of Bitter Orange for fast weight loss. Bitter orange was recently tested by Sprauge-Dawley Laboratories to determine its safety. Tests concluded that even in amounts far exceeding the normal dose for weight loss, Bitter Orange was a safe substance for weight loss.

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Guarana (Paullinia cupana) - is an indigenous climbing shrub that grows in the Amazon regions of Brazil and Uruguay. The herb has a black seed surrounded by a distinctive red outer covering. The black seed is harvested and crushed to form a similar compound to methylxanthine, guaranine.


Traditional uses:
Guaranine has a very similar stimulant properties as caffeine. Natives to the Amazon have used the active substance, guaranine for centuries has a source for energy and endurance.

Physiology:
Guarana stimulates the central nervous system reducing an individuals appetite while exerting a thermogenic effect. Unlike caffeine which is short acting, Guarana, is released slowly. Therefore, unlike caffeine that can produce a sudden rush followed by a sudden drop off, Guarana offers a consistent increase in energy for up to several hours. The herb has become a popular ingredient in nutrition drinks to boost the performance of athletes, sportsmen, workforce, etc.

Today, Guarana is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for the following:

  • Appetite suppressant
  • Improve mental alertness
  • Aphrodisiac properties
  • Increase stamina and physical endurance
  • Detoxifies the blood
  • Treatment of dyspepsia (disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea)
  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Natural diuretic
  • Breaks down lactic acid

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. Very few side effects have been reported with Guarana at the time of this writing. However, excessive consumption of Guarana can result exacerbate kidney disorders, thyroid disease, cardiovascular symptoms, etc.


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Green tea (Camellia sinesis) - is an evergreen plant with distinctive white rose like blooms that reaches a of thirty or more feet if not properly being pruned. The herb is now harvested in the subtropical regions of China, India Indonesia, Europe, Kenya, Zimbabwe, etc. Although there are only three different types of plants there are some 2000 plus varieties of tea. Climate, soil and harvesting techniques play the most significant role in developing the different varieties of teas. Green tea is produced from the same tea plant as black tea. However, black tea is fermented in a damp environment for a long period while green tea is dried quickly. This quick drying procedure retains the antioxidant properties that make green tea so popular as a dietary supplement. Aside from water tea is the most consumed beverage worldwide.


Traditional uses:
Guarana has a long traditional use by the South American Amazon Indians. The first record of the use of Guarana dates all the way back to 1669. This was this year that a Jesuit missionary named J. Felipe Betendorf visited an area deep in the Amazon Basin where the Maue Indians were using Guarana as a daily tonic and stimulant. These Maue Indians use the tonic on a daily bases in order to prevent headaches, relieve stomach cramps and as an aphrodisiac. The Indians also believed that the herb prevented malaria and dysentery.

Physiology:
Guarana contains tetra methylxanthine a compound almost identical to caffeine, and two other stimulates closely related to caffeine theobromine and theophylline. Chocoholics will recognize both theobromine and theophylline as the stimulant and euphoriant agent they crave in their chocolate. Combine these factors with the caffeine effect and you can see why Guarana is so desired. In addition the herb contains tannic acid that is astringent and probably accounts for its use as a digestive tonic.

Clinical studies:
Weight loss can be attributed to a reduction in caloric intake or an increase in energy expenditure. Recent studies conducted at the University of Geneva have shown individual treated with Green tea extract showed a 4% increase in energy expenditure as compared to those individuals receiving caffeine or a placebo. Since caffeine alone did not significantly increase the energy expenditure it is hypothesized that the abundance of catechin polyphenols in green tea are responsible for the thermogenic effect.

Another study published in 1999 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that green tea extract may increase energy levels and promote fat oxidation. Since the Green tea extracts did not significantly increase the patients heart rates, Green tea extract could prove to be a safer dietary aide than the current prescription and over the counter stimulants on the market. Dulloo, Abdul G., et al. "Efficacy of a Green Tea Extract Rich in Catechin Polyphenols and Caffeine in Increasing 24-h Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Humans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (December 1999):1040-1045.

The antioxidants in Green Tea may also be beneficial in lowering cholesterol hence preventing cardiovascular disease. The data from one 1999 study, which followed over 3,400 tea-drinking residents of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, concluded that regular, long-term tea consumption can have a protective effect against severe atherosclerosis.
Geleijnse, Johanna M., et al. "Tea Flavonoids May Protect Against Atherosclerosis: The Rotterdam Study." Archives of Internal Medicine 159 (October 11, 1999): 2170-2174.

Modern day uses:
Today, Green tea is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for the following benefits:

  • Weight loss -the herb increases energy levels and while promoting fat oxidation.
  • Cardiovascular system - the extracts have shown to reduce many of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease including high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, blood clotting, adhesions, etc.
  • Anti-bacterial - the herb reduces the over growth of e-coli in the intestines.
  • Periodontal disease -drinking Green tea has shown to reduce the number of cavities and plaque formation.
  • Cancer reduction - the polyphenols that act as antioxidants by suppressing free radicals, recent studies have shown that the constituents in Green tea may reduce the risks of certain types of cancer including: prostate, oral, colon, stomach. In animal studies Green tea extract injections have actually reduced the size of cancerous tumors.
  • L-theanine - commonly found in Green tea, promotes relaxation, lowers blood pressure, reduces social anxiety and phobias, heightens mental acuity, supports the immune system.

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. More specifically, individuals with with a history of ulcers as with any medical condition should consult with their physician prior to using any herbal supplement (green tea can stimulate an increase in gastric acid production). In addition, pregnant and breast feeding women should not consume Green tea secondary to the caffeine content. The caffeine can effect the sleeping patterns of nursing infants.

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Kola nut (Cola vera, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida) - are seeds from the Sterculiaceae family. Kola nut trees are indigenous to Central and Western Africa, however, the trees can now be found in Brazil and the West Indies. The Kola tree can reach heights up to 60 feet, their leathery leaves are 6-8 inches and pointed on both ends, a unique yellow flowers with purple spots surrounds the star-shaped fruit. Each fruit contains several kola nuts which usually appears as a whitish color until the herb undergoes a fermentative change the seeds take on a reddish brown color. The dried seed leaf are irregular shaped and range in size from 1-3 inches.


Traditional uses:
The Kola nut has been used for centuries by the tribes in Western Africa for alertness, stamina and endurance. Many African chew the nut throughout the day as a source of energy. Today the Kola nut is sold commercially, primarily in weight loss herbal supplements for its thermogenic properties and for flavoring in soft drinks.

Physiology:
Guarana contains tetra methylxanthine a compound almost identical to caffeine, and two other stimulates closely related to caffeine theobromine and theophylline. Chocoholics will recognize both theobromine and theophylline as the stimulant and euphoriant agent they crave in their chocolate. Combine these factors with the caffeine effect and you can see why Guarana is so desired. In addition the herb contains tannic acid that is astringent and probably accounts for its use as a digestive tonic.

Clinical studies:
In a recent study 167 obese individuals that were either given a blend of Kola nut verses a placebo. The group that received the herbal stimulate almost doubled the weight loss as compared to those individuals in the trial that were given the placebo. Boozer CN, et al. An Herbal Supplement Containing Ma Huang-guarana for Weight Loss: a Randomized, Double-blind Trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:316-24.

Modern day uses:
Today, Kola nut is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialists for the following:

  • Appetite suppressant
  • Thermogenic properties
  • Cognitive functioning (improved concentration and alertness)
  • Depression
  • Motion sickness
  • Fluid retention
  • Diarrhea

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. More specifically, individuals who have a significant medical history including the following: insomnia, anxiety high blood pressure, heart complications, high cholesterol, stroke and diabetes should refrain from using supplements that contain Kola nut until approved by their physician. The use of Kola nut has been associated with sleep disorders restlessness, gastric irritation, etc.

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Fo ti (Polygonum multiflorum) - is indigenous to China and is also cultivated in Taiwan, Japan and regions in North America. Fo ti is a vine plant with a lush green foliage that can grow some six feet in length. The root of the plant which is used for medicinal purposes is usually covered with a reddish brown bark and a tan colored pith.


Traditional uses:
Historically the Chinese have used the Fo ti root for its rejuvenating properties. The Chinese elderly population would religiously use the herb to promote fertility and youthful vigor and to restore their hair color.

Physiology:
Guarana contains tetra methylxanthine a compound almost identical to caffeine, and two other stimulates closely related to caffeine theobromine and theophylline. Chocoholics will recognize both theobromine and theophylline as the stimulant and euphoriant agent they crave in their chocolate. Combine these factors with the caffeine effect and you can see why Guarana is so desired. In addition the herb contains tannic acid that is astringent and probably accounts for its use as a digestive tonic.

Clinical studies:
In a recent study 167 obese individuals that were either given a blend of Kola nut verses a placebo. The group that received the herbal stimulate almost doubled the weight loss as compared to those individuals in the trial that were given the placebo. Boozer CN, et al. An Herbal Supplement Containing Ma huang-guarana for Weight loss: a Randomized, Double-blind Trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:316-24.

Modern day uses:
Today, Fo ti is prescribed by physicians and herbalist for the following:

  • Weight loss
  • Decreases cholesterol levels
  • Decreases blood pressure
  • Libido enhancer
  • Inflammation
  • Constipation
  • Decreases cholesterol levels
  • Prevents arthrosclerosis
  • Improves immune function
  • Promotes red blood cell production

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. More specifically, the use of Fo ti can cause mild stomach upset and/or diarrhea with excessive use. Their have also been reports of skin rashes associate with use of Fo ti. In all case symptoms resolved with when the herb was discontinued.

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) - is a perennial plant indigenous to Hawaii, Jamaica, Haiti, India, and Nigeria that can reach height of 3-4 ft. The herb has thin, sharp leaves 6-12 in long with a twisted beige root that can reach 1-6 inches in length. The root has a sharp, poignant taste and aroma. The herb is now mostly cultivated in Jamaica and is dried and preserved for export. Commercial Ginger is called white or black, according to whether the herb is peeled or unpeeled. The preferred white are scraped clean and dried, without being scalded The black are scalded in boiling water, then dried in the sun.

Traditional uses:
Ancient Greeks used to wrap ginger inside their bread and would consume the combination after dinner to aide in their digestion, hence, ginger bread. Today, Ginger is used in teas, ginger beer, ginger ale, broths, and as a spice when cooking particularly in and Jamaican and Asian entrees.

Physiology:
Ginger effects several metabolic processes promoting the following positive effects:

  • Prostaglandin metabolism - Ginger contains many constituents which have been shown to be potent inhibitors of leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis (products in the body that influence blood flow and inflammation). This is why Ginger has been prescribed as an effective anti-inflammatory agent.

  • Cardiac stimulating properties - Ginger can improve the contractility of the heart secondary to its ability to stimulate increase calcium uptake by the cardiac muscle.

  • Anti-coagulating properties - Ginger has also been shown to greatly reduce platelet lipid peroxide formation via its antioxidant capacity.

  • Anti-ulcer effects - Ginger exhibits anti-ulcer properties via its relation to the mucosal layer of the intestinal tract, extracts of Ginger have also improved the healing time of of various types of ulcers.

  • Gastric motility - Ginger appears to improve gastric motility secondary to its anti-spasmodic effects.

  • Analgesic effects - Ginger has demonstrated analgesic effects in experimental animal studies secondary to Gingers potential ability to inhibit the release of substance P (which is thought to be the main chemical messenger of pain from the peripheral sensory nerves to the brain) and the prostaglandin mediators.

Clinical Studies:
Research has shown Ginger to be effective in the treatment the symptoms motion sickness. Holtmann S, Clarke AH, Scherer H, Hohn M. The Anti-motion Sickness Mechanism of Ginger. A Comparative Study with Placebo and Dimenhydrinate. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1989;108:168–74 Ginger is also being studied to reduce the nausea associated with chemotherapy and anesthesia prior to surgery. Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR, et al. Ginger root—a new antiemetic: The Effect of Ginger Root on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Major Gynaecological Surgery. Anaesthesia 1990;45:669–71. Meyer K, Schwartz J, Craer D, Keyes B. Zingiber officinale (ginger) Used to Prevent 8-Mop Associated Nausea. Dermatol Nursing 1995;7:242–4. Ginger has also been extensively studied for its effect as a tonic for the digestive tract. Studies have shown that Ginger stimulates digestion, eases the transport of substances through the digestive tract reducing the irritation to the walls of the intestinal tract, protects the wall of the stomach from the harmful effects of alcohol and non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs i.e.ibuprofin) and may prevent ulcers. Bradley PR (ed). British Herbal Compendium, vol 1. Bournemouth, Dorset, UK: British Herbal Medicine Association, 1992, 112–4. Yamahara J, Huang QR, Li YH, et al. Gastrointestinal Motility Enhancing Effect of Ginger and its Active Constituents. Chem Pharm Bull 1990;38:430–1. Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, et al. Gastroprotective Activity of Ginger in Albino Rats. Am J Chinese Med 1989;17:51–6.

Modern day uses:
Today, Ginger is used by physicians and herbal specialist to treat the following conditions:

  • Digestive aid - promotes the secretion of saliva and gastric juices and increases the action of peristalsis in the intestines and prevents ulcers
  • Anti-emetic - used for the treatment for nausea secondary to digestive problems, chemotherapy, surgery, motion sickness, etc.
  • Antibacterial - the herb can work against ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori. Ginger creates an anti-ulcer environment by multiplying the stomach's protective components.
  • Ginger is thought to fight harmful intestinal bacteria (like E. coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus) without killing beneficial bacteria. Ginger aids Lactobacillus
  • Antidote - Japaneese use ginger as an antidote for fish poisoning
  • Anti-inflammatory – the herbs anti-inflammatory abilities have been shown to help reduce hip and knee pain in some osteoarthritis patients
    lowers cholesterol levels - by impairing cholesterol absorption, helping it convert to bile acids and then increasing bile elimination
  • Calming affect – the herb is considered to be one of the most calming fragrance

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. More specifically, women who are pregnant or breast feeding and despite studies showing ginger's aid for pregnancy nausea, it is not recommended that pregnant women not use ginger in high doses. Some studies indicate that high amounts of ginger might cause miscarriages. Dosages over 6 g could cause gastric problems and possibly ulcers. Ginger may slow down blood clotting time. Before taking ginger, consumers should check dosages with a healthcare provider. Ginger can also interfere with the digestion of iron- and fat-soluble vitamins. Ginger interacts with several medications. The herb can inhibit warfarin, ( blood thinner) interfere with absorption of tetracycline, digoxin, sulfa drugs, and phenothiazines. Individuals should discuss taking any new herbal supplement with their physician if they have a pre-existing condition or if they are taking any other prescription medications and/or over the counter products.

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Ginko biloba (Ginko biloba ) - trees are found in China, Korea, southern France, and the southeast part of the United States. Interestingly, Ginko Biloba trees can live over one thousand years. These trees as might be expected are practically immune to pollution, drought, and insects. The Ginko Biloba tree has distinctive fan shaped leaves with a .

Traditional uses:
Ginkgo has been used by the Chinese for thousands of years. Ginko biloba was so important to ancient Chinese culture that the tree was cultivated inside the walls of their fortresses. The Chinese would take Ginko in order to promote a generalized feeling of well being and as a stimulus to improve cognitive functioning.

Physiology:
Researchers believe that there are several substances that are important in promoting the positive effects of Ginko biloba i.e. flavanoids (ginko-flavone glycosides) and terpenes (ginkgolides and bilobalide). Flavanoids are credited with neutralizing the free radicals and improving circulation by causing the dilating the small blood vessels, thus, protecting the brain from oxygen deprivation.

Clinical Studies:
The main focus of most of the clinical studies concerning Ginko biloba is centered around concentration and memory. Several studies have shown significant improvements in both memory and concentration versus placebo. Israel ET. Ginkgo Biloba and Memory Training. Psychol Med. Paris: 1987;19(8):1431-1439. Grässel. Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Mental Performance. Double-blind Study using Computerized Measurement Conditions in Patients with Cerebral Insufficiency. Fortschr Med. 1992;110(5):73-78.

Modern day uses:
Today, Ginko biloba is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for the the following positive effects:

  • Increased circulation - Ginko biloba increases circulation to both the brain and extremities. Physicians prescribe the herb for the treatment of claudication (a squeezing or tight pain in the foot, calf, thigh, or buttock that occurs during exercise secondary to poor circulation). Ginko bliloba inhibit platelet-activating-factor (PAF) promoting circulation.
  • Cognitive functioning - the herb as shown to help individuals with age relate cognitive deficits from Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the herb is know being recommended by physicians along with Vitamin E for the elderly to delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Gingo biloba is also well-known for its effect on memory and thinking in the general population, an estimatéd 11 million American currently take Ginko biloba to improve cognitive function.
  • Antioxidant - acts as a powerful antioxidant and contributes to the oxidation of free radicals. Ginkgo also acts as a powerful antioxidant and contributes to the oxidation of free radicals which are believed to contribute to premature aging and dementia
  • Tinnitus - The herb is reported to decrease the symptoms of tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and problems with balance secondary to iner ear complications.
  • Antidepressant - Ginko biloba has proved to b successful in treating

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. More specifically, mild stomach irritation and headaches are reported by a small percentage of individuals using Ginko biloba. Reported side effects usually resolve within 1-2 days upon discontinuation of the herbal supplement. Pregnant and breast feeding women should refrain from using Ginko biloba unless approved by their OB/GYN.

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Hawthorne berry (Crataegus oxyacantha) - is found in Europe, North Africa and wester Asia. The herb grows has a small thorny tree belonging to the rose family with distinctive reddish fruits. The herb as been used for medicinal purposes for centuries.


Physiology:
Extract form Hawthorne berries contain a variety of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins that are powerful antioxidants which exert a beneficial effect on the entire cardiovascular system. The herb is also responsible for a dilating effect on the blood vessels that results in a lower blood pressure and a decrease incidence of angina. Recent clinical studies have shown promise in the use of Hawthorne for the treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF).

Clinical Studies:
There has been a significant number of clinical studies that conclude Hawthorne berry is effective in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Leuchtgens VH. Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442 in NYHA II Heart Failure. A placebo Controlled Randomized Double-blind Study. Fortschr Med. 1993;111:36–38. Tauchert M, Siegel G, Schulz V. Hawthorn extract as Plant Medication for the Heart; a New Evaluation of its Therapeutic Effectiveness [translated from German]. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr. 1994;136(suppl 1):S3–S5.

Modern day uses:
Hawthorne seems to work in two main ways. For one, it dilates the blood vessels, especially the coronary arteries that nourish the heart muscle. By this actions, it may help lower blood pressure and reduce angina. As the arteries dilate, or open wider, pressure throughout the blood vessel system is lowered. Hawthorne berry has been described as the "cardio herb" secondary to the following positive effects exerted on the cardiovascular system:

  • Decreases cholesterol levels
  • Decreases angina (chest pain) by dilating the cardiac blood vessels
  • Prevents congestive heart failure by improving the contractions of the cardiac muscles, very similar to the prescription medication Digitalis.
  • Lowers blood pressure
  • Promotes a regular cardiac rate and rhythm
  • Improves general circulation.
  • The dilating effect (hence the potential to decrease blood pressure) of Hawthorne berry is why the herb is an important part of the Physicians Select Weight Loss Supplement. The Hawthorne berry reduces the potential for increased blood pressure that may result secondary to the actions of some of the other stimulating herbs in the Physicians' Select proprietary blend.

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. There have not been any significant side effects reported with the use of Hawthorne berry at the time of this writing. However, Hawthorne berry may increase the effects of digitalis and other inotropic medications.

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Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) - is a perennial herb that reaches heights of two to three feet. The plant is distinguished by the dark green leaves with clusters of red berries. The root of the herb is used for medicinal purposes. Korena Ginseng has traditionally been the most sought after herb.


Traditional uses:
Actual wars have been fought over land in Asia where the herb is harvested. Ginseng has a long history as a medicinal herb throughout Asia. Ginseng is known as an adaptogen, which is a substance that enables the body adapt to stress. The use of the herb dates back some 2,000 years according to Chinese medical records were it was prescribed to prevent respiratory infections and symptoms of the flu. In more recent times the herb gained notoriety as a "performance enhancer" in Russian athletes. Ginseng was also used by the Soviet Union to counteract the effects of radiation to those individuals residing near the Chernobyl accident.

Physiology:
The primary constituents in Siberian Ginseng that have been studied are known as eleutherosides. Some seven of these eleutherosides have been identified with the main focus on eleutherosides B and E. These eleutherosides are composed of complex polysaccharides (complex sugar molecule). These eleutherosides act as an adaptogen or agent that allows the body to cope with stress by supporting the adrenal gland function.

Clinical Studies:
The eleutherosides mentioned above have been shown to enhance physical endurance and mental acuity without the letdown that is so commonly associate with most caffeinated products. Farnsworth NR, Kinghorn AD, Soejarto DD, Waller DP. Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus): Current Status as an Adaptogen. In Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, vol 1, ed. Wagner H, Hikino HZ, Farnsworth NR. London: Academic Press, 1985, 155–215.

Research has also shown that eleutherosides improve the use of oxygen by the exercising muscle allowing athletes to maintain aerobic exercise for longer periods, as well as, shortening recovery periods between workouts. Asano K, Takahashi T, Miyashita M, et al. Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human working capacity. Planta Medica 1986;37:175–7.

Modern day uses:
Today, Ginseng is one of the most prescribed herbs by both physicians and herbal specialist for the following positive benefits:

  • Longevity and vitality
  • Increase physical and mental energy
  • Natural aphrodisiac
  • Anti-senility and memory improvement
  • Increases the function of the adrenal glands
  • Decreases the symptoms of diabetes
  • Treatment of exhaustion and debilitation from chronic disease
  • Lowers blood cholesterol levels
  • Antioxidant properties
  • Immune system booster
  • Improves physical performance in athletes

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. More specifically, Korean Ginseng in excessive doses can result in irritability, insomnia and nervousness, although side effects are rare. Individuals with preexisting medical conditions who are taking prescription and/or over-the-counter medications should consult with their physician prior to using this herb. Pregnant or breast feeding women should also consult with their physician prior to using the herb.

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White willow (Salix alba) - is indigenous to Central and Southern Europe, North America and Asia. The tree can reach heights of 75 feet and prefers to grow near streams or rivers where the soil is moist and fertile. The trees have the familiar long slender bending branches with long thin leaves highlighted by distinct yellow flowers.


Traditional uses:
Reports reveal that physicians and traditional herbalist have prescribed White willow for medicinal purposes since 500 B.C. The herb was used to treat chronic dysentery, reduction of fevers, menstrual irregularities, etc.

Physiology:
The inner bark of the tree was once harvested for salicin which was converted to salacylic acid, however, acetylsalicylic acid was eventually synthetically produced so the tree lost it popularity to aspirin. The salicylic acid in white willow bark lowers the body's levels of prostaglandins a hormone like compounds that is responsible for aches, pain, and inflammation. Many physicians and herbalist still prefer the use of White willow to that of synthetic aspirin because of the lower incidence of side effects associated with the herb. The bark also remains popular secondary to its content of tannins, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides. The high content of tannins are believed to be responsible for relieving gastrointestinal complications.

The active ingredient in White willow, salacylic acid, has a synergistic effect that promotes the thermogenic process. Thermogenesis is the rapid conversion of the food we digest into heat before the calories can be stored as fat.

Clinical Studies:
The eleutherosides mentioned above have been shown to enhance physical endurance and mental acuity without the letdown that is so commonly associate with most caffeinated products. Farnsworth NR, Kinghorn AD, Soejarto DD, Waller DP. Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus): Current Status as an Adaptogen. In Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, vol 1, ed. Wagner H, Hikino HZ, Farnsworth NR. London: Academic Press, 1985, 155–215.

Research has also shown that eleutherosides improve the use of oxygen by the exercising muscle allowing athletes to maintain aerobic exercise for longer periods, as well as, shortening recovery periods between workouts. Asano K, Takahashi T, Miyashita M, et al. Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus Extract on Human Working Capacity. Planta Medica 1986;37:175–7.

Modern day uses:
Today, White willow is prescribe by physicians and herbal specialists for a host of conditions including the following:

  • Chronic dysentery
  • Prevention of strokes and blood clots
  • Arthritis - the herb reduces the swelling and inflammation associated with the arthritis, promoting increase mobility.
  • Fever and chills - the aspirin type properties can help break a fever.
  • headaches
  • Toothaches
  • Tendonitis and neuralgia
  • Treatment of eczema
  • Menstrual cramps
  • Muscle aches
  • Natural diuretic

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. More specifically, individuals history of tinnitus (a sound in one or both ears, similar to a ringing, buzzing, whistling, etc. occurring without a an external stimulus should not use White willow. This condition is usually caused by a specific cause i.e. ear infection, the use of certain medications, blocked auditory tube/canal or head trauma). In addition individuals with the following preexisting conditions i.e. stomach irritations, bleeding disorders, ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, liver/kidney disease diabetes or children under 16 years of age should definitely consult with their physician prior to taking the White willow.

White willow bark should not be taken with aspirin or NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) i.e. naproxen and ibuprofen. Combining White willow and these medications may increase the chance of side effects such as stomach bleeding. Higher than commonly recommended doses of this White willow may result in stomach upset, tinnitus, nausea, etc.

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Folic acid (folate) - is a water soluble vitamin found primarily in leafy vegetables, peas, lentils, beans, wheat germ, broccoli, bananas, strawberries, etc. Enriched grain products, i.e. fortified breakfast cereals, and vitamins contain a synthetic form of folic acid.


Traditional uses:
Yerba maté has been used for centuries by South Americans has a natural stimulant to help improve alertness and concentration, as well as, promoting a generalized feeling of well-being.

Physiology:
Folic acid assist the body in breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars that can be utilized for energy. Folic acid also works with Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C to metabolize protein, formation of white and red blood cells, proper differentiation and growth of cells, formation of the nucleic acid of DNA and RNA, etc.

Deficiencies in Folic acid can result in an increase risk for anemia, heart disease, etc. Pregnant women with deficiencies in folic acid are at risk for preeclampsia, premature birth, neural tube defects, cleft lip/palate, etc.

Folic acid may decrease the risk of your unborn fetus from developing serious birth defects called neural tube defects or NTDs. These are defects that occur very early in a fetuses development, within four to five weeks after conception. During this period of pregnancy, the neural tube forms and closes to develop int the spinal cord, brain and bone surrounding these organs. When the neural tube does not close properly two common forms of NTD can occur Spina bifida and Anencephaly. Spina bifida is a defect of the spinal cord that is sometimes called “open spine.” Anencephaly is a birth defect that results in babies being born with underdeveloped brains and incomplete skulls.

Individuals that are at a high risk for cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis can also benefit from taking Folic acid. Folic acid along with B6 and B12 have shown to break down the amino acid homocysteine which at high levels have been linked to these diseases.

Clinical Studies:
Clinical research as shown that women who consume as little as 400 micrograms of synthetic folic acid per day prior to conception and during their pregnancy can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by 50 to 70 percent and prevent miscarriages. Gindler J, Li Z, Berry RJ, et al. Folic Acid Supplements During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage. Lancet 2001;358:796–800. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, et al. Prevention of Neural Tube Defects with Folic Acid in China. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1485–90.

Modern day uses:
Today, Folic acid is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for the following positive effects:

  • Complications with pregnancy - prevention of neural tube defects, cleft lip/palate, preeclampsia (A condition of hypertension occurring in pregnancy, typically accompanied by edema and proteinuria), premature birth.
  • Prevention of diseases - Individuals that are at a high risk for cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis can also benefit from taking Folic acid. Folic acid along with B6 and B12 have shown to break down the amino acid homocysteine which at high levels have been linked to these diseases.

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Folic acid is generally free of side effects when taken at the recommended dose.

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Yerba maté (Llex paraquarensis) - is an evergreen holly native to the rainforests of Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Also known as Paraquay tea, Brazilian tea, etc. the herb is brewed from the dried leaves and steams of the perennial tree Llex paraquarensis. In the wild state the plant can actually grow into a tree. Cultivated the herb remains a small, multi-stemmed shrub with non-descript green leaves.


Traditional uses:
Yerba maté has been used for centuries by South Americans has a natural stimulant to help improve alertness and concentration, as well as, promoting a generalized feeling of well-being.

Physiology:
Yerba maté acts as a stimulant very similar to coffee however, the stimulant effect last longer and their are no side effects i.e. irritability or insomnia. The most significant active ingredient in Yerba maté is theobromine which is homologous with and resembling caffeine. The theobromine is responsible for Yerba maté's ability to enhanced metabolic rate, diuretic effects and appetite suppressing properties.

Clinical Studies:
Swiss researchers have reported that Yerba maté may be beneficial as a weight loss supplement (Phytomedicine, 1999). Yerba maté is also responsible for enhancing bile flow while increasing intestinal transit time. (Pharmacognosy: Phytochemistry and Medicinal Plants, Intercept Ltd., 1999.)

Modern day uses:
Yerba maté is the main ingredient in one of the most popular drinks in South America consumed by millions of individuals each year as an alternative to coffee. Yerba maté is also responsible for the following positive effects:

  • Weight loss (appetite suppressant)
  • Natural diuretic
  • Reduces the symptoms of fatigue
  • Promotes generalized feeling of well-being (reduces stress and eliminate insomnia)
  • Anti-aging properties (restores youthful hair color, improves memory)
  • Boosts the effects of the immune system
  • Increases mental alertness and acuity
  • Decreases the symptoms associated with depression
  • Relieves constipation (Yerba Maté also acts on the digestive system by stimulating peristaltic movements)
  • Decease blood pressure (Yerba maté contains xanthines that promote the relaxation of peripheral blood vessels)
  • Treatment of asthma
  • Nutrients (valuable source of Vitamin A, C, E, B-1, B-2, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium, calcium, choline, iron, xanthine, folic acid, inositol, etc)

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. Yerba maté provides all of the above positive effects, as well as, stimulates the central nervous system in a non habituating or addicting manner. Currently, there are no significant side effects reported with the use of Yerba maté at the time of this writing.

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Chromium chelate - is an essential trace mineral that is required for proper glucose and fat metabolism. Chromium can be found in unsaturated fats, clams, meats, brewer's yeast, liver, whole grain, cereal, shellfish, etc.


Physiology:
Chromium is required for normal protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism. Chromium plays a role in regulating appetite, reducing the cravings for sugar and increasing lean body mass.

Chromium contains a special bioactive formulation called Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF). GTF facilitates insulin action by binding insulin to cell membranes, serving as a bridge between the insulin molecule and the cell membrane receptor sites. Remember, glucose is used by cells for energy, insulin is used by by the body to transport the glucose into the cells, Chromium's GTF factor essentially assist the glucose to enter the cell. Therefore, all both insulin and GTF are needed for proper glucose metabolism. Chromium deficiency can lead to Type II diabetes and heart disease. Chromium deficiency is thought to contribute to glucose intolerance.

Chromium has also been shown to reduce levels of harmful LDL cholesterol (a form of cholesterol that has been linked to heart disease) and increase beneficial HDL cholesterol (HDL cholesterol helps return cholesterol to the liver, keeping it from building up in the blood vessels).

Clinical Studies:
Aside from the clinical studies concerning the importance of Chromium's GTF factor in the regulation of glucose. Chromium also promotes a positive effect on physical performance while decreasing overall body fat of athletes in training. Lefavi RG, Anderson RA, Keith RE, Wilson GD, McMillan JL, Stone MH. Efficacy of Chromium in Athletes: Emphasis on Anabolism. Int. J. Sports Nutr. 1992; 2: 111 – 122.

Modern day uses:
Today, Chromium is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for the following positive benefits:

  • Appetite suppressant
  • Lowers blood sugar
  • Increases insulin sensitivity
  • Decreases body fat /increases lean body mass
  • Helps maintain health blood lipid levels, specifically triglycerides and HDL cholesterol

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. Chromium chelate did not have any reported significant side effects or medication interactions at the time of this writing.

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Cobalamin (B12) - is part of the water-soluble family of B vitamins. Cobalamin is found in beef, lamb, tuna, eggs and other dairy products, chicken liver.

Usable cobalamin is only found naturally in animal source foods. Fresh food is best, as freezing and exposure to light may destroy some of the vitamin content. Clams and beef liver have very high Cobalamin levels. Other good sources include chicken liver, beef, lamb, tuna, flounder, liverwurst, eggs, and dairy products.


Physiology:
Cobalamin is needed for normal nerve cell activity, DNA replication, and production of the mood-affecting substance SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine). Cobalamin acts with Vitamin B6, and Folic acid to control homocysteine levels (homocysteine is a normal breakdown product of the essential amino acid, methionine). An excess of homocysteine is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, strokes, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease.

Similar to other B complex vitamins, cobalamine is considered an "anti-stress" vitamin because it is believed to enhance the activity of the immune system and improve the body's ability to withstand stressful conditions

Deficiency in Cobalamin may manifest in some of the following symptoms, fatigue, numbness and tingling of the extremities, confusion, memory loss, delusions, hearing problems, nausea, diarrhea, disruption of the mucus membranes of the especially the lining of the inner surface of the eye and the gums, etc. Decreased levels of Cobalamin can also result in increased levels of homocysteine, which can lead to osteoporosis, heart disease, brain toxicity.

Absorption of Cobalamin is impaired by deficiencies of folic acid, iron, Viatamin E, colchicine, corticosteroids, phenformin, oral contraceptives, cholestyramine, colestipol, clofibrate, epoetin, neomycin, methotrexate, metformin, potassium supplements, and the consumption of vitamin C just prior to taking Cobalamin. The use of nicotine and excessive alcohol can also decrease Cobalamin levels.

Individuals who have had all or part of their stomach removed are also at risk for for decreased levels of Cabalamin. In order to absorb Cobalamin an individual requires the "intrinsic factor" which is produced in the stomach, without the intrinsic factor even if an individual eats foods rich in Cobalamin you will still develop a deficiency.

Clinical Studies:
Cobalamin deficiency has been attributed to a primary cause of fatigue. Clinical studies have shown that individuals who were not even deficient in the vitamin following a B12 injection reported a significant increase in energy has compared to those individuals who received a placebo injection. Ellis FR, Nasser S. A pilot study of vitamin B12 in the treatment of tiredness. Br J Nutr 1973;30:277–83.

Modern day uses:
Today, Cobalamin is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for the following positive effects:

  • Formation of red blood cells (deficiencies in Cobalamin can lead to anemia)
  • Combined action with folic acid and B6 to reduce homocysteine levels
  • Helps to metabolize food
  • Prevention Osteoporosis, heart disease and brain toxicity
  • Important in the action of the immune system
  • Formation of Myelin sheath that lines nerves cells
  • Used for the treatment of male infertility
  • Treatment of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries secondary to plaque formation in the arteries),
  • Prevention of Chrohn's disease (inflammatory bowel syndrome)
  • Promes DNA synthesis, the genetic material in all cells

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. Adverse effects from taking Cobalamin supplementation are rare, however, individuals with a rare hereditary optic nerve atrophy, Leber's disease, should not use the Cobalamin supplementation. Extremely high doses of Cobalamin may cause acne.

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