Traditional uses:
Yohimbe has been used for centuries in African folk medicine to leprosy, coughs, treat fevers, as a local anesthetic, sexual aphrodisiac, etc. African tribal men would often chew on the bark prior to going to battle to increase their strength; however, its most popular use has been as an aphrodisiac and to improve erections.

Physiology:
A large percentage of incurred physiological processes are not controlled voluntarily by an individual. These processes are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system consists of two systems, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. These two divisions of the nervous system counteract the action of the other to control our bodily functions.

More specifically, the sympathetic nervous system controls our "fight" and "flight" processes, while the parasympathetic system controls our "feed" and "breed" processes. The sympathetic division is responsible for the body's reaction to stress factors. When the sympathetic system is active, blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate increase, blood vessels to the heart dilate, blood flow increases to the muscles, and pupils dilate. Think of a lion preparing to fight his hair is standing on end (giving the impression that he is larger), pupils are dilated, heart rate increases, and breathing becomes rapid. This reaction is accompanied by a constriction of arterial blood vessels and a decrease in the blood flow to the digestive organs and reproductive organs (an erection on a lion during a fight would be an unwanted obstacle, not to mention a vulnerable target for the opposition).

When stressful situations subside, parasympathetic nervous system will slow the heart rate and decrease blood pressure, moderate the breathing process, induce salivation, and increase blood flow to the digestive and reproductive organs. The signals from the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system are transmitted via neurotransmitters that signal specific receptors. The neurotransmitter active on the sympathetic pathway is norepinephrine while parasympathetic pathway uses acetylcholine.

Yohimbe blocks the receptor sites for the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Specifically, Yohimbe blocks the alpha-2-adrenergic receptors thus decreasing the action of the sympathetic nervous system so the parasympathetic system can prevail. By blocking the signals from the sympathetic system the parasympathetic system input prevails resulting in more blood flow to the female erectile organs. Secondary to the increased parasympathetic input there is also an increase in other parasympathetic activities including the digestive process.

In order to understand why the interference with alpha-2 adrenergic receptors work to facilitate erections, an individual must understand that during the normal flaccid genital state the norepinephrine is almost permanently docked to the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. In order to achieve an erection there must be a decrease in the stimulation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Yohimbe, by blocking the norepinephrine receptors (alpha-2-adrenergic receptors), increases the in freely circulating norepinephrine. The additional norepinephrine (adrenaline) subsequently acts as a hormone to exert the typical adrenergic effect on the heart, resulting in an increased heart rate, possible palpitations, etc. The increase norepinephrine also causes a reaction similar to amphetamines; men experience an increase sense of alertness sexual arousal.

This makes Yohimbine very unique in that the herb has a dual aphrodisiac function: First the herb improves sexual function by displacing hormonal epinephrine from alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the pelvic area by increasing blood flow to the female erectile organs. Second the herb, increases the levels of free norepinephrine which subsequently results in an increase sense of alertness and sexual arousal.

Clinical Studies:
There have been numerous clinical studies that confirm Yohimbine’s effectiveness. For example, in the February 1998 issue of the Journal of Urology, researchers from the University of Exeter Medical School in England surveyed clinical trials involving the herb and concluded that Yohimbine should be used in the first line of treatment for erectile dysfunction. The benefits of Yohimbe far outweigh the risks associated with the herb.

Additional clinical studies have shown that Yohimbe to be effective in up to 80% of men with erectile dysfunction. These results rival the clinical results of Viagra that show a positive effect in some 75%-83% of the population tested. Yohimbe was shown to be most effective in men who suffer from impotence secondary to psychological, vascular or diabetic in origin.

The herbal supplement did not produce significant improvement in males with impotence caused by organic nerve damage (which is only attributed to a small percent of those individuals with impotence). Yohimbe was also shown to increase sexual stamina and prolong erections in men who are free from the complications of impotence.

In addition, the promising value of Yohimbe is not only the herbs role as a treatment for erectile dysfunction but its power to enhance sexuality in healthy subjects. Yohhimbe is also prescribed as an effective weight loss supplement. Lise Alschuler M.D., medical director at Bastyr University in Washington stated that “Yohimbe is my number one choice for weight loss. I start with a very small dose and the gradually increase the intake while monitoring the patient’s tolerance levels.”

Modern day uses:
Today, Yohimbe is not only prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for erectile dysfunction but for the following positive benefits:

• Effective in restoring potency in diabetic and heart patients who suffer from impotency
• Has been used in traditional medicine to treat angina and hypertension
• Effective weight loss agent
• Increase overall stamina and endurance
• Promotes generalized feeling of well being

Precautions and/or side effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or breast feeding and children should also consult with there physician prior to taking any new supplements. Yohimbe should not be taken with food or drinks that contain a high amount of tyramine, i.e. avoid aged cheese; aged or cured meats (e.g., air-dried sausage); any potentially spoiled meat, poultry, or fish; broad (fava) bean pods; Marmite concentrated yeast extract; sauerkraut; soy sauce and soy bean condiments; and tap beer. Tyramine is a sympathomimetic agent that can potentate the side effects of the supplement.

Yohimbe should be taken with caution, the herb should not be consumed by individuals who are currently taking antidepressants, sedatives, certain antihistamines, stimulants and/or hypertensive medications. Yohimbe is considered to be a short term MAO inhibitor; therefore, individuals with a history of hypertension should use caution prior to taking the herb. Yohimbe may induce excessive adrenal or sympathetic nerve stimulation, anxiety, panic attacks, irritability, sweating, flushing, hypertension, headaches, dizziness, nausea, skin flushing, frequent urination, water retention, increased body temperature, upset stomach, etc. Yohimbe is also reported to have mild hallucinogenic properties in some individuals. These effects include audio and visual hallucinations, and feelings of euphoria. Most of the side effects mentioned above occur when individuals take the supplement in higher than recommended dose.

Most physicians recommend taking Yohimbine on a daily basis to avoid the side effects of nervousness and possible agitation. Practically all hormones have the effect of inhibiting their own production, usually via what is called a negative feedback system. (Messages are carried through blood plasma to the hypothalamus-pituitary systems when there is an increase in neurotransmitters to limit their production in the future.) The adrenal hormones or neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine are no exception.

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Traditional uses:

Wild Yam has been been prescribed over the years for the following conditions:

• Premenstrual Pain – traditionally used for menstrual cramps, although the active ingredient in Wild Yam, Diosgenin, cannot be converted into progesterone in the body the herb still plays an important role in the regulation of progesterone.
• Antispasmodic – eases discomfort from colic
• Anti-inflammatory - use to ease the pain secondary to rheumatoid arthritis
• Claudication - (pain in the lower extremities caused by spasms in the blood vessels supplying the leg muscles) – antispasmodic qualities relieves the pain of claudication.
• Relieves cough - Chinese yam contains large amounts of mucilage. Mucilage is a thick, slimy substance produced by the herb. It has a soothing effect on mucous membranes, such as the tissues that line the respiratory passages

Physiology:
L- histidine is most often recognized as a precursor to the allergy symptom producing hormone histamine, both histidine and histamine have essential roles in our biochemistry. Histamine is well known for its role in stimulating the inflammatory response of skin and mucous membranes such as those that we experience when we have cold or flu symptoms. The inflammatory action of histamine is essential for the protection of these barriers during an acute infection.

L-histidine is required by the body to regulate and utilize the following processes:

• L-histidine is essential in forming many metal bearing enzymes and compounds, examples being the red blood cell hemoglobin, antioxidant super oxide dismutase, the iron uptake regulation protein -FUR, the iron storage protein ferritin, the copper storage and iron metabolism cofactor cerulplasmin, and important enzymes dependent on L-histidine being available for formation and function. Metals such as copper, zinc, and nickel are transported by binding with L-histidine, and such binding appears essential for rapid excretion of excess metal. Persons contaminated with heavy metals, suffering from chronic seasonal allergies, or following a low histidine diet are most susceptible to body depletion of adequate histidine stores - creating the possibility of mineral-enzyme deficiencies.

• L-cysteine and L-histidine is needed to synthesized Metallothionein a molecule designed to store metals in such a way as to prevent uncontrolled oxidation reactions.
  High blood serum levels of iron have been experimentally caused in humans by a diet low in L-Histidine. Enhances wound healing, which is essential for tissue growth and repair.

• The amino acid is important for red blood cell health. Deficiency will cause decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, ultimately leading to anemia. Histamine also stimulates the secretion of the digestive enzyme gastrin. Without adequate histamine production healthy digestion can become impaired as Histidine has anti-inflammatory properties. It is the only amino acid found to be consistently low in the blood and lubricating fluids of those with rheumatoid arthritis.

Clinical Studies:
Researchers are aware of the effects of increased levels of L-histidine, a precursor to Histamine, which can produce sensations of intense warmth that quickly spreads throughout the body. This warming effect is secondary to a release of the histamine that produces a dilation of blood vessels and capillaries, which results in subsequent increase in blood flow. The vasodilatation of the blood vessel is very similar to the flush felt instantaneously during sexual excitement. Orgasm is triggered when histamine is released in the body from the mast cells. These cells function as part of the immune system, but also cause the sexual flush experienced during arousal. For both functions, the active ingredient is histamine. When there is insufficient histamine in the body, histamine production is low and women find it difficult, sometimes even impossible to achieve orgasm. Individuals who release Histamine easily generally do not have difficulty in achieving an orgasm. Pfeiffer, C. 1975. Mental and Elemental Nutrients: A Physician's Guide to Nutrition and Health Care. Keats. New Canaan:Connecticut.

Modern day uses:
Today, L - Histidine is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for the following health benefits:

• Improve the sexual response in woman (L-Histidine is subsequently responsible for triggering an orgasm or "the big sneeze")

• Essential for tissue growth and repair

• Important for development of red blood cells (deficiency results in decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and ultimately resulting in anemic conditions)\

• Relieves the pain and inflammation associated with Rheumatoid arthritis

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or nursing, and children should also consult with their physician prior to taking any new supplements. There have been no serious side effects reported with consuming low amounts of L-histadine at the time of this writing. However, individuals with kidney or liver disease should not consume large amounts of amino acids without consulting a healthcare professional.

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Traditional uses:

The early Romans used A. Racemosus for food and medicinal purposes. It was first cultivated in England at the time of Christ and brought to America by the early colonists.  Asparagus has also been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Ayurvedic medicine is a system of healing that dates back to ancient India Ayur means life or living, and veda translates as knowledge; therefore Ayurveda has been defined as the "knowledge of living" or the "science of longevity.

Physiology:
Sativari is rich in phytoestrogens a group of naturally occurring compounds that have a chemical structure very similar to estrogen. Estrogen is a hormone that is necessary for the normal sexual development and growth of the breasts, uterus and ovaries. The hormone plays a significant role in controlling a woman's menstrual cycles and is essential for reproduction. Estrogen also helps maintain the the cardiovascular system and prevent osteoporosis (disease in which the bones become extremely porous, subject to fracture, tend to heal slowly and are subject to infection).

Estrogen's access to reproductive tissue i.e. breast and endometrial is controlled by estrogen receptors that act as gatekeepers. Only estrogen or substances with a close structural resemblance to estrogen are permitted to bind. This explains how the similar phytoestrogens can bind to the estrogen receptors and displace the estrogen.

If estrogen is important to the normal growth of the reproductive tissue then why would we want to displace it from the estrogen receptors? Unfortunately, cancer cells also use estrogen to promote their growth. Normal cells grow and die in a controlled fashion. Cancer occurs when normal cells become abnormal and subsequently differentiate and grow without control or structure. Cancer cells usually grow at a rate significantly faster than our normal cells. Some cancer cells have estrogen receptors that are programmed to grow when estrogen binds to these receptor sites.

Phytoestrogens, while they displace the human estrogen, support female hormone levels by exerting an estrogen like effect on the reproductive organs. These phytoestrogens are an estimated 100-500 times less potent in their estrogen effect than human estrogen and maintain a hormonal balance by acting as anti-estrogen when the body's natural levels are high and they act as human estrogen when levels are low.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death for middle-age and older women. Compromised or blocked carotid arteries are one of the major causes of strokes in this age group. Phytoestrogens have shown to improve a women's lipid profile preventing strokes, similar to Premarin without the added risk of cancer.

Clinical Studies:
Research has shown that phytoestrogens or estrogen that is common in certain plants and herbs can displace the human estrogen and decrease the growth of tumor cells. Studies have revealed a lower incidence and mortality from hormone-dependent cancers in Asian women and men who consume traditional Asian diets that are rich in herbs and plants that contain phytoestrogens. Asian women who consume western diets have breast cancer rates similar to caucasian women. Lu LJ, Anderson KE, Grady JJ, Kohen F, Nagamani M, Decreased Ovarian Hormones During a Soya Diet: Implications for Breast Cancer Prevention. Cancer Res 2000 Aug 1;60(15):4112-21, Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555.

Modern day uses:
Today, Sativari is used by physicians and herbal specialist to treat the following conditions:

• Moistens dry tissues of the sexual organs, kidneys, stomach and lungs
• Strengthens and increases muscle tone
• Increases general strength
• Improves breast milk secretion during lactation
• PMS, ammenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leucorrhea, menopause, and pelvic inflammatory disease like endometriosis
• Inflammatory bowel conditions
• Post-partum tonic where it helps to increase lactation and normalize the uterus and the changing hormones
• Aphrodisiac properties
• Overall gentle herb which promotes an easier balanced life
• Secondary to the phytoestrogens found in Sativari the herb helps prepare the womb for conception, prevents miscarriage and actions as a post-partum tonic thus normalizing the uterus increasing lactation, and controls changing hormones. The phytoestrogens help to normalize estrogen levels and play an important role in improving women’s long-term health.

Precautions and/or adverse effects:

Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or nursing and children should also consult with their physician prior to taking any new supplements.  Sativari is free of any reported significant side effects at the time of this writing.

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Traditional uses:

Ancient Greeks used to wrap ginger inside their bread and would consume the combination after dinner to aide in their digestion, hence, ginger bread. Today, Ginger is used in teas, ginger beer, ginger ale, broths, and as a spice when cooking particularly in and Jamaican and Asian entrees.

Physiology:
Ginger effects several metabolic processes promoting the following positive effects:

• Prostaglandin metabolism - Ginger contains many constituents which have been shown to be potent inhibitors of leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis (products in the body that influence blood flow and inflammation). This is why Ginger has been prescribed as an effective anti-inflammatory agent.

• Cardiac stimulating properties - Ginger can improve the contractility of  the heart secondary to its ability to stimulate increased calcium uptake by the cardiac muscle.

• Anti-coagulating properties - Ginger has also been shown to greatly reduce platelet lipid peroxide formation via its antioxidant capacity.

• Anti-ulcer effects - Ginger exhibits anti-ulcer properties via its relation to the mucosal layer of the intestinal tract. Extracts of Ginger have also improved the healing time of various types of ulcers.

• Gastric motility - Ginger appears to improve gastric motility secondary to its anti-spasmodic effects.

• Analgesic effects - Ginger has demonstrated analgesic effects in experimental animal studies secondary to Gingers potential ability to inhibit the release of substance P (which is thought to be the main chemical messenger of pain from the peripheral sensory nerves to the brain) and the prostaglandin mediators.

Clinical Studies:
Research has shown Ginger to be effective in the treatment of symptoms of motion sickness. Holtmann S, Clarke AH, Scherer H, Hohn M. The Anti-motion Sickness Mechanism of Ginger. A Comparative Study with Placebo and Dimenhydrinate. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1989;108:168-74 Ginger is also being studied to reduce the nausea associated with chemotherapy and anesthesia prior to surgery. Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR, et al. Ginger Root-a New Antiemetic: The Effect of Ginger Root on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Major Gynaecological Surgery. Anaesthesia 1990;45:669-71. Meyer K, Schwartz J, Craer D, Keyes B. Zingiber officinale (ginger) Used to Prevent 8-Mop Associated Nausea. Dermatol Nursing 1995;7:242-4. Ginger has also been extensively studied for its effect as a tonic for the digestive tract. Studies have shown that Ginger stimulates digestion, eases the transport of substances through the digestive tract reducing the irritation to the walls of the intestinal tract, protects the wall of the stomach from the harmful effects of alcohol and non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs i.e.ibuprofin) and may prevent ulcers. Bradley PR (ed). British Herbal Compendium, vol 1. Bournemouth, Dorset, UK: British Herbal Medicine Association, 1992, 112-4. Yamahara J, Huang QR, Li YH, et al. Gastrointestinal Motility Enhancing Effect of Ginger and its Active Constituents. Chem Pharm Bull 1990;38:430-1. Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, et al. Gastroprotective Activity of Ginger in Albino Rats. Am J Chinese Med 1989;17:51-6.

Modern day uses:
Today, Ginger is used by physicians and herbal specialist to treat the following conditions:

• Digestive aid - promotes the secretion of saliva and gastric juices and increases the action of peristalsis in the intestines and prevents ulcers
• Anti-emetic - used for the treatment for nausea secondary to digestive problems, chemotherapy, surgery, motion sickness, etc.
• Antibacterial - the herb can work against ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori. Ginger creates an anti-ulcer environment by multiplying the stomach's protective components.
• Ginger is thought to fight harmful intestinal bacteria (like E. coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus) without killing beneficial bacteria. Ginger aids Lactobacillus
• Antidote - Japaneese use ginger as an antidote for fish poisoning
• Anti-inflammatory – the herbs anti-inflammatory abilities have been shown to help reduce hip and knee pain in some osteoarthritis patients
  lowers cholesterol levels - by impairing cholesterol absorption, helping it convert to bile acids and then increasing bile elimination
• Calming affect – the herb is considered to be one of the most calming fragrance

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Despite studies showing ginger's aid for pregnancy nausea, it is not recommended that pregnant women use ginger in high doses. Some studies indicate that high amounts of ginger might cause miscarriages. Dosages over 6 g could cause gastric problems and possibly ulcers. Ginger may slow down blood clotting time. Before taking ginger, consumers should check dosages with a healthcare provider. Ginger can also interfere with the digestion of iron- and fat-soluble vitamins. Ginger interacts with several medications. The herb can inhibit warfarin, a blood thinner, and interfere with absorption of tetracycline, digoxin, sulfa drugs, and phenothiazines. Individuals should discuss taking any new herbal supplement  with their physician if they have a pre-existing condition or if they are taking any other prescription medications and/or over the counter products.

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Traditional uses:

Cayenne pepper has been used as medicine for centuries. The herb was prescribed for various conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, including stomachaches, gas and cramping. Cayenne pepper was also frequently used to treat diseases of the circulatory system. Applied topically, cayenne pepper was used as a remedy for arthritis and other rheumatic pains.

Physiology:
The most active ingredient is cayenne capsaicin, a molecule found in the white part of the rhine of the pepper. This component of the pepper is what gives a pepper its "heat". The capsaicin component of the pepper was thought to evolve as defense mechanism for the pepper. The capsaicin component is currently being studied for its ant-oxidant and anti-cancer properties. Capsaicin is also thought to increase the metabolic rate thus providing thermogenic weight loss properties via a process that is not exactly understood. Capsaicin also has the ability to deplete and then block the production of "Substance P," which is thought to be the main chemical messenger of pain from the peripheral sensory nerves to the brain.

Clinical Studies:
Research has shown that Cayenne is responsible for a decrease in appetite and in a similar study an increase in metabolism or thermogenic effect in a Japanese women, Yoshioka M, St-Pierre S, Drapeau V, et al. Effects of red pepper on appetite and energy intake. Br J Nutr 1999;82:115–23., Yoshioka M, St-Pierre S, Suzuki M, Tremblay A. Effects of red pepper added to high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals on energy metabolism and substrate utilization in Japanese women. Br J Nutr 1998;80:503–10.


In addition, there have been numerous studies involving the analgesic effect of the capsaicin component of Cayenne pepper. Clinical studies have shown that capsaicin is effective in blocking Substance P, thus, blocking some of the pain associate with fibromylagia, herpatc pain, rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, diabetic foot pain,and toothaches. Lynn B. Capsaicin. Actions on nociceptive C-fibers and therapeutic potential. Pain 1990;41:61-9., Capsaicin study group. Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy with topical capsaicin. A multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. The capaicin study group. Arch Int Med 1991;151:2225-9.

Modern day uses:
Today, Cayenne pepper is prescribed by physicians and herbal specialist for the following conditions:
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• Analgesic – the herb can provide temporary relief of pain. Its analgesic effects acts to distract the sensory nerves from irritation or pain to provide temporary relief. When there is a lack of Substance P, the sensation of pain diminishes because it cannot reach the brain. Non prescription creams such as Heat or Zostrix contain capsaicin and are applied externally to treat fibromylagia, herpatc pain, rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, diabetic foot pain, and toothaches.

• Digestive aide – Cayenne is used as a digestive aide in India, East Indies, Mexico, Caribbean and Africa. The herb soothes the digestive tract and stimulates the flow of saliva and stomach secretions. The increased secretions increase the motility of the intestines relieving the symptoms of constipation.

• Antitussives - acts as an effective remedy for relieving congestion and coughs. It acts to thin mucus, thus allowing the body to alleviate the thick mucus.

• Cold feet - ground cayenne mixed with cornstarch or talcum powder can provide a warming feeling when placed in a pair of socks.. The cayenne causes the blood vessels under the skin of the feet to dilate, thus stimulating extra blood flow and providing warmth to the feet.

• Circulation – consuming cayenne has shown to have a positive effect on circulation. Cayenne instantly stimulates blood flow. It dilates arterial walls and cuts through mucus in the veins, thus increasing circulation to the extremities and helping to lower the overall blood pressure. It strengthens the heart, arteries, capillaries and the nerves. Cayenne has been shown to reduce cholesterol levels thus ,decreasing the risk for blood cots and heart attacks.

• Nail biting, thumb sucking – when strategically placed on the thumb or nail bed .

Precautions and/or adverse effects:
Individuals with preexisting medical conditions should consult with their physician particularly if they are taking prescription or over-the-counter-medications or supplements. Women who are pregnant or nursing and children should also consult with their physician prior to taking any new supplements.

Special precautions should be taken to not expose Cayenne to sensitive skin or tissues. Do not continue to apply Cayenne powder to an area for prolong periods or nerve damage may result. Individuals with a history of gastrointestinal ulcers should refrain from using the herb. Cayenne may irritate the throat, mouth, eyes, and open lesions. In addition, individuals who are taking theophylline should consult a physician before taking cayenne. Cayenne may increase the amount of theophylline absorbed by the patient's system, thus possibly leading to toxicity.

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